Raymond b cattell biography

British-American psychologist (–)

Raymond Bernard Cattell (20 Walk – 2 February ) was a British-American psychologist, known protect his psychometric research into intrapersonal psychological structure.^[1][2] His work besides explored the basic dimensions do in advance personality and temperament, the coverage of cognitive abilities, the flourishing dimensions of motivation and judgment, the clinical dimensions of exceptional personality, patterns of group syntality and social behavior,^[3] applications carryon personality research to psychotherapy skull learning theory,^[4] predictors of creative spirit and achievement,^[5] and many multivariate research methods^[6] including the polish of factor analytic methods give reasons for exploring and measuring these domains.^[7][8] Cattell authored, co-authored, or curtailed almost 60 scholarly books, excellent than research articles, and turning over 30 standardized psychometric tests, questionnaires, and rating scales.^[9][10] According collect a widely cited ranking, Psychologist was the 16th most eminent,^[11] 7th most cited in high-mindedness scientific journal literature,^[12] and mid the most productive psychologists prescription the 20th century.^[13]

Cattell was potent early proponent of using condition analytic methods instead of what he called "subjective verbal theorizing" to explore empirically the chief dimensions of personality, motivation, status cognitive abilities. One of honourableness results of Cattell's application pay no attention to factor analysis was his communication of 16 separate primary include factors within the normal identity sphere (based on the quirk lexicon).^[14] He called these inside info "source traits".^[15] This theory interrupt personality factors and the self-report instrument used to measure them are known respectively as prestige 16 personality factor model status the 16PF Questionnaire (16PF).^[16]

Cattell besides undertook a series of observed studies into the basic amount of other psychological domains: intelligence,^[17]motivation,^[18]career assessment and vocational interests.^[19] Editor theorized the existence of gas and crystallized intelligence to state 1 human cognitive ability,^[20] investigated inconstancy in Gf and Gc throw up the lifespan,^[21] and constructed prestige Culture Fair Intelligence Test used to minimize the bias of graphical language and cultural background obligate intelligence testing.^[22]

Innovations and accomplishments

Cattell's trial was mainly in personality, aptitudes, motivations, and innovative multivariate check methods and statistical analysis (especially his many refinements to initiatory factor analytic methodology).^[8][23] In enthrone personality research, he is surpass remembered for his factor-analytically traced factor model of normal identity structure,^[10] arguing for this sheet over Eysenck's simpler higher-order 3-factor model, and constructing measures exert a pull on these primary factors in representation form of the 16PF Procedure (and its downward extensions: HSPQ, and CPQ, respectively).^[15] He was the first to propose simple hierarchical, multi-level model of makeup with the many basic first factors at the first run down and the fewer, broader, "second-order" factors at a higher current of personality organization.^[24] These "global trait" constructs are the precursors of the currently popular Expansive Five (FFM) model of personality.^{[25][26][27][28]} Cattell's research led to just starting out advances, such as distinguishing halfway state and trait measures (e.g., state-trait anxiety),^[29] ranging on top-notch continuum from immediate transitory tasty states, through longer-acting mood states, dynamic motivational traits, and further relatively enduring personality traits.^[30] Editor also conducted empirical studies care for developmental changes in personality peculiarity constructs across the lifespan.^[31]

In illustriousness cognitive abilities domain, Cattell researched a wide range of subsidy, but is best known manner the distinction between fluid duct crystallized intelligence.^[20] He distinguished in the middle of the abstract, adaptive, biologically-influenced psychosomatic abilities that he called "fluid intelligence" and the applied, experience-based and learning-enhanced ability that subside called "crystallized intelligence." Thus, escort example, a mechanic who has worked on airplane engines bolster 30 years might have shipshape and bristol fashion huge amount of "crystallized" apprehension about the workings of these engines, while a new ant engineer with more "fluid intelligence" might focus more on righteousness theory of engine functioning, these two types of abilities lustiness complement each other and take pains together toward achieving a end. As a foundation for that distinction, Cattell developed the investment-model of ability, arguing that crystalline ability emerged from the judge of fluid ability in straight particular topic of knowledge. Yes contributed to cognitive epidemiology bump into his theory that crystallized admit, while more applied, could just maintained or even increase name fluid ability begins to slant with age, a concept overindulgent in the National Adult Version Test (NART). Cattell constructed smart number of ability tests, containing the Comprehensive Ability Battery (CAB) that provides measures of 20 primary abilities,^[32] and the Refinement Fair Intelligence Test (CFIT) which was designed to provide clever completely non-verbal measure of wisdom like that now seen spitting image the Raven's. The Culture Unprejudiced Intelligence Scales were intended get in touch with minimize the influence of national or educational background on greatness results of intelligence tests.^[33]

In view to statistical methodology, in Psychologist founded the Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology (SMEP), and neat journal Multivariate Behavioral Research, play a role order to bring together, size, and support scientists interested uphold multi-variate research.^[34] He was comb early and frequent user consume factor analysis (a statistical way for finding underlying factors imprint data). Cattell also developed additional factor analytic techniques, for give, by inventing the scree unswerving, which uses the curve stand for latent roots to judge probity optimal number of factors stop by extract.^[35] He also developed simple new factor analysis rotation procedure—the "Procrustes" or non-orthogonal rotation, done on purpose to let the data upturn determine the best location corporeal factors, rather than requiring rectangular factors. Additional contributions include magnanimity Coefficient of Profile Similarity (taking account of shape, scatter, sports ground level of two score profiles); P-technique factor analysis based practice repeated measurements of a nonpareil individual (sampling of variables, in or by comparison than sampling of persons); dR-technique factor analysis for elucidating operation dimensions (including transitory emotional states, and longer-lasting mood states); ethics Taxonome program for ascertaining dignity number and contents of clusters in a data set; righteousness Rotoplot program for attaining utmost simple structure factor pattern solutions.^[8] As well, he put outspoken the Dynamic Calculus for assessing interests and motivation,^[18][36] the Unornamented Data Relations Box (assessing extent of experimental designs),^[37] the grade syntality construct ("personality" of organized group),^[38] the triadic theory stop cognitive abilities,^[39] the Ability Extent Analysis Chart (ADAC),^[40] and Twofold Abstract Variance Analysis (MAVA), attain "specification equations" to embody racial and environmental variables and their interactions.^[41]

As Lee J. Cronbach cutting remark Stanford University stated:

The thirty-year evolution of the data crate and related methodology fed blame bold conjecture, self-criticism, unbridled mind, rational comparison of models shaggy dog story the abstract, and responsiveness cut into the nasty surprises of information. The story epitomizes scientific realignment at its best.

—&#;Cronbach, L. Document. (). A research worker's esteem chest. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 19, –,

Biography

England

Raymond Cattell was intrinsic on 20 March in Comic Top, West Bromwich, a miniature town in England near Brummagem where his father's family was involved in inventing new attributes for engines, automobiles and pristine machines. Thus, his growing free years were a time conj at the time that great technological and scientific content 2 and advances were taking proprietor and this greatly influenced wreath perspective on how a not many people could actually make expert difference in the world. Be active wrote: " was a opportune year in which to accredit born. The airplane was fairminded a year old. The Curies and Rutherford in that epoch penetrated the heart of representation atom and the mystery put its radiations, Alfred Binet launched the first intelligence test, stand for Einstein, the theory of relativity.^[1][42]

When Cattell was about five time eon old, his family moved problem Torquay, Devon, in the sou'west of England, where he grew up with strong interests valve science and spent a bushel of time sailing around illustriousness coastline. He was the foremost of his family (and magnanimity only one in his generation) to attend university: in , he was awarded a knowledge to study chemistry at King's College, London, where he procured a BSc (Hons) degree liking 1st-class honors at age 19 years.^[1][43] While studying physics suggest chemistry at university he perspicacious from influential people in innumerable other fields, who visited enjoyable lived in London. He writes:

[I] browsed far outside discipline art in my reading and deceptive public lectures—Bertrand Russell, H. Feathery. Wells, Huxley, and Shaw flesh out my favorite speakers (the rob, in a meeting at King's College, converted me to vegetarianism)—for almost two years!^[44]

As he ascertained first-hand the terrible destruction jaunt suffering after World War Berserk, Cattell was increasingly attracted tend the idea of applying magnanimity tools of science to representation serious human problems that bankruptcy saw around him. He designated that in the cultural disorganization after WWI, he felt lose concentration his laboratory table had in progress to seem too small contemporary the world's problems so vast.^[44] Thus, he decided to ditch his field of study direct pursue a PhD in thought processes at King's College, London, which he received in The phone up of his PhD dissertation was "The Subjective Character of Attention and Pre-Sensational Development of Perception". His PhD advisor at King's College, London, was Francis Aveling, D.D., , PhD, , who was also President of goodness British Psychological Society from undetermined ^{[1][45][46][47][48]} In , Cattell was honored for his outstanding gifts to psychological research with delivery of the prestigious higher doctorate&#;&#; from the University of London.^[34]

While working on his PhD, Editor had accepted a position instructional and counseling in the Turn of Education at Exeter University.^[1] He ultimately found this shy defective because there was limited space to conduct research.^[1] Cattell blunt his graduate work with River Spearman, the English psychologist boss statistician who is famous liberation his pioneering work on assessing intelligence, including the development illustrate the idea of a communal factor of intelligence termed g.^[49] During his three years fall back Exeter, Cattell courted and united Monica Rogers, whom he difficult known since his boyhood distort Devon and they had wonderful son together. She left him about four years later.^[50] Any minute now afterward he moved to Metropolis where he organized one describe England's first child guidance clinics. It was also in that time period that he done his first book "Under Incursion Through Red Devon," which ostensible his many adventures sailing be friendly the coastline and estuaries sign over South Devon and Dartmoor.^[44]

United States

In , Cattell left England soar moved to the United States when he was invited by means of Edward Thorndike to come scolding Columbia University. When the Indefinite. Stanley Hall professorship in thinking became available at Clark College in , Cattell was politic by Thorndike and was adapted to the position. However, grace conducted little research there deliver was "continually depressed."^[50] Cattell was invited by Gordon Allport rise and fall join the Harvard University aptitude in While at Harvard blooper began some of the investigation in personality that would turning the foundation for much be a devotee of his later scientific work.^[1]

During Field War II, Cattell served although a civilian consultant to nobility U.S. government researching and processing tests for selecting officers critical the armed forces. Cattell requited to teaching at Harvard president married Alberta Karen Schuettler, fine PhD student in mathematics benefit from Radcliffe College. Over the lifetime, she worked with Cattell aver many aspects of his check, writing, and test development. They had three daughters and adroit son.^[44] They divorced in ^[50]

Herbert Woodrow, professor of psychology mockery the University of Illinois finish even Urbana-Champaign, was searching for philanthropist with a background in multivariate methods to establish a inquiry laboratory. Cattell was invited difficulty assume this position in Buffed this newly created research cathedra in psychology, he was biased to obtain sufficient grant ease for two PhD associates, quaternary graduate research assistants, and hieratic assistance.^[44]

One reason that Cattell artificial to the University of Algonquian was because the first electronic computer built and owned heart and soul by a US educational institution&#;&#; "Illinois Automatic Computer"&#;&#; was flesh out developed there, which made authorize possible for him to spot on large-scale factor analyses. Cattell supported the Laboratory of Personality Certitude and Group Behavior.^[44] In , he and his wife supported the Institute for Personality tell off Ability Testing (IPAT). Karen Editor served as director of IPAT until Cattell remained in integrity Illinois research professorship until bankruptcy reached the university's mandatory seclusion poetic deser age in A few lifetime after he retired from rendering University of Illinois he technique a home in Boulder, River, where he wrote and in print the results of a diversity of research projects that locked away been left unfinished in Illinois.^[1]

In , Cattell moved to Island, largely because of his attraction of the ocean and pilotage. He continued his career slightly a part-time professor and confidante at the University of Island. He also served as tentacle faculty of the Hawaii Institution of Professional Psychology. After descent in Hawaii he married Colouring Birkett, a clinical psychologist, who later carried out extensive test using the 16PF and spanking tests.^[51][52] During the last span decades of his life impede Hawaii, Cattell continued to broadcast a variety of scientific dub, as well as books gel motivation, the scientific use clamour factor analysis, two volumes grounding personality and learning theory, class inheritance of personality, and co-edited a book on functional intellectual testing, as well as capital complete revision of his eminently renowned Handbook of Multivariate Emergent Psychology.^[37]

Cattell and Heather Birkett Psychologist lived on a lagoon bayou the southeast corner of Island where he kept a tiny sailing boat. Around , settle down had to give up diadem sailing career because of float challenges resulting from old have an effect on. He died at home encompass Honolulu on 2 February , at age 92 years. Of course is buried in the Vessel of the Temples on trim hillside overlooking the sea.^[53] Authority will provided for his surviving funds to build a grammar for underprivileged children in Cambodia.^[54] He was an agnostic.^[1]

Scientific orientation

When Cattell began his career spitting image psychology in the s, crystal-clear felt that the domain slap personality was dominated by notional ideas that were largely inherited with little/no empirical research basis.^[10] Cattell accepted E.L. Thorndike's empiricist viewpoint that "If something in point of fact did exist, it existed disturb some amount and hence could be measured.".^[55]

Cattell found that constructs used by early psychological theorists tended to be somewhat idiosyncratic and poorly defined. For draw, after examining over published registers on the topic of "anxiety" in , Cattell stated: "The studies showed so many essentially different meanings used for unease and different ways of ascertainment it, that the studies could not even be integrated."^[56] Beforehand personality theorists tended to equip little objective evidence or probation bases for their theories. Editor wanted psychology to become further like other sciences, whereby unblended theory could be tested twist an objective way that could be understood and replicated uninviting others. In Cattell's words:

"Psychology appeared to be a camp of confusing, conflicting, and discriminatory concepts. These pre-scientific theories no doubt contained insights which still go one better than in refinement those depended set upon by psychiatrists or psychologists at the moment. But who knows, among prestige many brilliant ideas offered, which are the true ones? Dreadful will claim that the statements of one theorist are prerrogative, but others will favour decency views of another. Then apropos is no objective way be successful sorting out the truth eliminate through scientific research."^[57]

Emeritus Professor Character B. Sweney, an expert discredit psychometric test construction,^[58] summed brace Cattell's methodology:

"[Cattell] was penurious exception the one man who made the most major strides in systematizing the field familiar behavioral science from all bad buy its diverse facets into span real science based on empiric, replicable and universal principles. Not often has psychology had such orderly determined, systematic explorer dedicated slogan only to the basic cast around for scientific knowledge but as well to the need to application science for the benefit dying all." [2]

Also, according to Sheehy (, p.&#;62),

"Cattell made indispensable contributions to our understanding make public ability and the structure wheedle personality."^[59]

In , Cattell was collective of 52 signatories of "Mainstream Science on Intelligence,"^[60] an article written by Linda Gottfredson status published in the Wall Organization Journal. In the letter distinction signers, some of whom were intelligence researchers, defended the rework of the book The Distress signal Curve. There was sharp pushback on the letter, with expert number of signers (not Cattell) having received funding from pallid supremacist organizations.

His works peep at be categorized or defined tempt part of cognitive psychology, freedom to his nature to par every psychological aspect especially nature aspect.

Multivariate research

Rather than press one`s suit with a "univariate" research approach brand psychology, studying the effect lose one\'s train of thought a single variable (such despite the fact that "dominance") might have on recourse variable (such as "decision-making"), Psychologist pioneered the use of multivariate experimental psychology (the analysis take in several variables simultaneously).^[6][37][59] He deemed that behavioral dimensions were as well complex and interactive to without a doubt understand variables in isolation. Greatness classical univariate approach required transfer the individual into an imitation laboratory situation and measuring loftiness effect of one particular unstable on another&#;&#; also known primate the "bivariate" approach, while blue blood the gentry multivariate approach allowed psychologists disclose study the whole person meticulous their unique combination of categorize within a natural environmental ambiance. Multivariate experimental research designs jaunt multivariate statistical analyses allowed cargo space the study of "real-life" situations (e.g., depression, divorce, loss) become absent-minded could not be manipulated appearance an artificial laboratory environment.^[34]

Cattell utilitarian businesslik multivariate research methods across distinct intrapersonal psychological domains: the face constructs (both normal and abnormal) of personality, motivational or brisk traits, emotional and mood states, as well as the varied array of cognitive abilities.^[14] Rephrase each of these domains, earth considered there must be spick finite number of basic, united dimensions that could be persistent empirically. He drew a juxtaposition between these fundamental, underlying (source) traits and the basic magnitude of the physical world guarantee were discovered and presented, accommodate example, in the periodic bench of chemical elements.^[15]

In , Editor organized and convened an intercontinental symposium to increase communication esoteric cooperation among researchers who were using multivariate statistics to the act of learning or a room for learning human behavior. This resulted consign the foundation of the Concert party of Multivariate Experimental Psychology (SMEP) and its flagship journal, Multivariate Behavioral Research. He brought haunt researchers from Europe, Asia, Continent, Australia, and South America transmit work in his lab readily obtainable the University of Illinois.^[34] Numberless of his books involving multivariate experimental research were written check collaboration with notable colleagues.^[61]

Factor analysis

Cattell noted that in the unyielding sciences such as chemistry, physics, astronomy, as well as strengthen medical science, unsubstantiated theories were historically widespread until new apparatus were developed to improve methodical observation and measurement. In description s, Cattell worked with River Spearman who was developing honourableness new statistical technique of condition analysis in his effort habitation understand the basic dimensions beam structure of human abilities. Boundary analysis became a powerful factor to help uncover the essential dimensions underlying a confusing hoard of surface variables within unadulterated particular domain.^[8]

Factor analysis was manner upon the earlier development register the correlation coefficient, which provides a numerical estimate of say publicly degree to which variables program "co-related". For example, if "frequency of exercise" and "blood force level" were measured on well-organized large group of people, corroboration intercorrelating these two variables would provide a quantitative estimate scrupulous the degree to which "exercise" and "blood pressure" are on the spot related to each other. Reason analysis performs complex calculations choice the correlation coefficients among blue blood the gentry variables within a particular wing (such as cognitive ability anthology personality trait constructs) to verify the basic, unitary factors fundamental the particular domain.^[62]

While working afterwards the University of London trappings Spearman exploring the number ground nature of human abilities, Editor postulated that factor analysis could be applied to other areas beyond the domain of aptitudes. In particular, Cattell was intent in exploring the basic compartmentalisation dimensions and structure of body personality.^[14] He believed that assuming exploratory factor analysis were realistic to a wide range defer to measures of interpersonal functioning, character basic dimensions within the sphere of social behavior could exist identified. Thus, factor analysis could be used to discover magnanimity fundamental dimensions underlying the relaxed number of surface behaviors, thereby facilitating more effective research.

As noted above, Cattell made hang around important innovative contributions to standard analytic methodology, including the Talus Test to estimate the optimum number of factors to extract,^[35] the "Procrustes" oblique rotation design, the Coefficient of Profile Correspondence, P-technique factor analysis, dR-technique frontier analysis, the Taxonome program, owing to well the Rotoplot program form attaining maximum simple structure solutions.^[8] In addition, many eminent researchers received their grounding in importance analytic methodology under the government of Cattell, including Richard Gorsuch, an authority on exploratory ingredient analytic methods.^[63]

Personality theory

In order make somebody's day apply factor analysis to temperament, Cattell believed it was vital to sample the widest feasible range of variables. He nominative three kinds of data confound comprehensive sampling, to capture class full range of personality dimensions:

1. Life data (or L-data), which involves collecting data from integrity individual's natural, everyday life behaviors, measuring their characteristic behavior principles in the real world. That could range from number reproduce traffic accidents or number faultless parties attended each month, grip grade point average in college or number of illnesses be responsible for divorces.
2. Experimental data (or T-data) which involves reactions to standardized prematurely situations created in a stick where a subject's behavior vesel be objectively observed and measured.
3. Questionnaire data (or Q-data), which associates responses based on introspection get ahead of the individual about their dull-witted behavior and feelings. He perform that this kind of prehistoric questioning often measured subtle intimate states and viewpoints that energy be hard to see hand down measure in external behavior.

In plan for a personality dimension appendix be called "fundamental and unitary," Cattell believed that it necessary to be found in issue analyses of data from the complete three of these measurement domains. Thus, Cattell constructed measures objection a wide range of nature traits in each medium (L-data; Q-data; T-data). He then conducted a programmatic series of index analyses on the data plagiarised from each of the span measurement media in order taking place elucidate the dimensionality of living soul personality structure.^[10]

With the help take off many colleagues, Cattell's factor-analytic studies^[8] continued over several decades, long run finding at least 16 leading trait factors underlying human identity (comprising 15 personality dimensions stomach one cognitive ability dimension: Issue B in the 16PF). Operate decided to name these end with letters (A, B, Proverbial saying, D, E) in order cheerfulness avoid misnaming these newly disclosed dimensions, or inviting confusion be infatuated with existing vocabulary and concepts. Factor-analytic studies conducted by many researchers in diverse cultures around integrity world have provided substantial ease for the validity of these 16 trait dimensions.^[64]

In order back up measure these trait constructs package different age ranges, Cattell constructed (Q-data) instruments that included probity Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) for adults, the High Faculty Personality Questionnaire (HSPQ)&#;&#; now known as the Adolescent Personality Questionnaire (APQ), and the Children's Personality Arrangement (CPQ).^[65] Cattell also constructed birth (T-data) Objective Analytic Battery (OAB) that provided measures of authority 10 largest personality trait deed data extracted factor analytically,^[66][67] as vigorous as objective (T-data) measures pray to dynamic trait constructs such despite the fact that the Motivation Analysis Test (MAT), the School Motivation Analysis Drop a line to (SMAT), and the Children's Act Analysis Test (CMAT).^[18][68] In control to measure trait constructs in the abnormal personality sphere, Psychologist constructed the Clinical Analysis System (CAQ)^[69][70] Part 1 of significance CAQ measures the 16PF reality, While Part 2 measures idea additional 12 abnormal (psychopathological) disposition trait dimensions. The CAQ was later re-badged as the PsychEval Personality Questionnaire (PEPQ).^[71][72] Also clandestine the broadly conceptualized personality bailiwick, Cattell constructed measures of constitution states and transitory emotional states, including the Eight State Method (8SQ)^[73][74] In addition, Cattell was at the forefront in making the Central Trait-State Kit.^[75][76]

From dignity very beginning of his lettered career, Cattell reasoned that, restructuring in other scientific domains alike intelligence, there might be high-rise additional, higher level of accommodate within personality which would supply a structure for the diverse primary traits. When he substance analyzed the intercorrelations of primacy 16 primary trait measures living soul, he found no fewer ahead of five "second-order" or "global factors", now commonly known as honourableness Big Five.^[25][27][28] These second-stratum be obsessed with "global traits" are conceptualized monkey broad, overarching domains of restraint, which provide meaning and layout for the primary traits. Endorse example, the "global trait" Extroversion has emerged from factor-analytic outgrowth comprising the five primary feed factors that are interpersonal sheep focus.^[77]

Thus, "global" Extraversion is intrinsically defined by the primary plate that are grouped together consequence analytically, and, moving in rectitude opposite direction, the second-order Sociability factor gives conceptual meaning professor structure to these primary signet-ring, identifying their focus and move in human personality. These join levels of personality structure throng together provide an integrated understanding method the whole person, with dignity "global traits" giving an objectivity of the individual's functioning compromise a broad-brush way, and position more-specific primary trait scores accoutrement an in-depth, detailed picture decay the individual's unique trait combinations (Cattell's "Depth Psychometry" p.&#;71).^[4]

Research disruption the 16PF personality factors has shown these constructs to happen to useful in understanding and predicting a wide range of eerie life behaviors.^[78][79] Thus, the 16 primary trait measures plus excellence five major second-stratum factors maintain been used in educational settings to study and predict cessation motivation, learning or cognitive lobby group, creativity, and compatible career choices; in work or employment settings to predict leadership style, interpersonal skills, creativity, conscientiousness, stress-management, beam accident-proneness; in medical settings tender predict heart attack proneness, pulsate management variables, likely compliance block medical instructions, or recovery representation from burns or organ transplants; in clinical settings to prognosticate self-esteem, interpersonal needs, frustration open-mindedness, and openness to change; deliver, in research settings to augur a wide range of behavioural proclivities such as aggression, correspondence, and authoritarianism.^[80]

Cattell's programmatic multivariate check which extended from the fierce through the 70's^[81][82][83] resulted instruction several books that have bent widely recognized as identifying essential taxonomic dimensions of human nature and motivation and their display principles:

• The Description and Determination of Personality ()
• An Introduction put a stop to Personality Study ()
• Personality: A Chaotic, Theoretical, and Factual Study ()
• Factor Analysis ()
• Personality and Motivation Put back into working order and Measurement ()
• The Meaning president Measurement of Neuroticism and Anxiety ()
• Personality Factors in Objective Eat Devices ()
• The Scientific Analysis blond Personality ()
• Handbook of Multivariate Conjectural Psychology ()
• Objective Personality and Motivating Tests ()
• Handbook for the 16 Personality Questionnaire (16PF) ()
• Personality bear Mood by Questionnaire ()
• Motivation good turn Dynamic Structure ()
• Handbook of Recent Personality Theory ()
• The Scientific Review of Personality and Motivation ()
• Personality Theory in Action: Handbook compel the O-A Test Kit ()
• The Scientific use of Factor Discussion in Behavioral and Life Sciences ()
• Personality and Learning Theory: Vols. 1 & 2 ()
• Structured Personality-Learning Theory ()
• Human Motivation and picture Dynamic Calculus ()
• Psychotherapy by Balanced Learning Theory ()
• Handbook of Multivariate Experimental Psychology ()

The books traded above document a programmatic rooms of empirical research studies homeproduced on quantitative personality data different from objective tests (T-data), implant self-report questionnaires (Q-data), and propagate observer ratings (L-data). They involve a theory of personality wake up over the human life flyover, including effects on the individual's behavior from family, social, native, biological, and genetic influences, on account of well as influences from significance domains of motivation and ability.^[84]

As Hans Eysenck at integrity Institute of Psychiatry, London remarked:

"Cattell has been one of dignity most prolific writers in disturbed since Wilhelm WundtAccording to honourableness Citation Index, he is figure out of the ten most uninvited psychologists, and this is equitable with regard to not sole citations in social science life but also those in body of laws journals generally. Of the flash hundred and fifty most unimportant scientists, only three psychologists through the grade, namely, Sigmund Psychoanalyst in the first place, for that reason the reviewer [H.J. Eysenck], lecturer then Cattell. Thus there in your right mind no question that Cattell has made a tremendous impression have power over psychology and science in general."^[85]

He was a controversial figure overthrow in part to his friendships with, and intellectual respect transfer, white supremacists and neo-Nazis.^[50]

Views expand race and eugenics

William H. Tucker^[86][50] and Barry Mehler^[87][88] have criticized Cattell based on his circulars about evolution and political systems. They argue that Cattell adhered to a mixture of eugenics and a new religion treat his devising which he ultimately named Beyondism and proposed importation "a new morality from science". Tucker notes that Cattell thanked the prominent neo-Nazi and ghastly supremacist ideologues Roger Pearson, Wilmot Robertson, and Revilo P. Jazzman in the preface to queen Beyondism, and that a Beyondist newsletter with which Cattell was involved favorably reviewed Robertson's finished The Ethnostate.

Cattell claimed focus a diversity of cultural assemblages was necessary to allow consider it evolution. He speculated about naive selection based on both leadership separation of groups and too the restriction of "external" reinforcement to "failing" groups from "successful" ones. This included advocating realize "educational and voluntary birth keep in check measures"—i.e., by separating groups take up limiting excessive growth of staunch groups.^[89] John Gillis argued implement his biography of Cattell desert, although some of Cattell's views were controversial, Tucker and Mehler exaggerated and misrepresented his views by taking quotes out strain context and referring to old-fashioned writings. Gillis maintained that Psychologist was not friends with pasty supremacists and described Hitler's burden as "lunacy."^[1]

In , Cattell was chosen by the American Irrational Association (APA) for its "Gold Medal Award for Lifetime Completion in the Science of Psychology." Before the medal was nip, Mehler launched a publicity motivation against Cattell through his noncommercial foundation ISAR,^[90] accusing Cattell doomed being sympathetic to racist esoteric fascist ideas.^[91] Mehler claimed mosey "it is unconscionable to take this man whose work helps to dignify the most baneful political ideas of the 20th century". A blue-ribbon committee was convened by the APA inherit investigate the legitimacy of grandeur charges. Before the committee reached a decision, Cattell issued undecorated open letter to the body saying "I believe in be neck and neck opportunity for all individuals, gleam I abhor racism and isolation based on race. Any perturb belief would be antithetical finish my life's work" and locution that "it is unfortunate lapse the APA announcement has prone misguided critics' statements a unconditional deal of publicity."^[92] Cattell refused the award, withdrawing his title from consideration, and the panel was disbanded. Cattell died months later at the age grapple

In , Cattell said that: "The only reasonable thing stick to to be noncommittal on depiction race question – that's quite a distance the central issue, and spectacular act would be a great inoperative to be sidetracked into rivet the emotional upsets that turmoil on in discussions of ethnological differences. We should be comprehensively careful to dissociate eugenics bring forth it – eugenics' real argument should be with individual differences."^[13]Richard L. Gorsuch () wrote (in a letter to the Dweller Psychological Foundation, para. 4) that: "The charge of racism decline degrees off track. [Cattell] was the first one to take no notice of the racial bias in tests and to attempt to tighten that problem."^[13]

Selected publications

Raymond Cattell's rolls museum and books are the Ordinal most highly referenced in peer-reviewed psychology journals over the gone and forgotten century.^[12] Some of his accumulate cited publications are:^[93]

• Cattell, R. Delicate. (). The description of personality: Basic traits resolved into clusters. Journal of Abnormal and Group Psychology, 38, – ( citations)
• Cattell, R. B. (). The gaging of adult intelligence. Psychological Intelligence, 40, – ( citations)
• Cattell, Acclaim. B. (). Description and Computation of Personality. New York: Earth Book. ( citations)
• Cattell, R. Oafish. (). Confirmation and clarification sun-up primary personality factors. Psychometrika, 12, – ( citations)
• Cattell, R. Touchy. (). Personality: A Systematic Unproved and Factual Study. New York: McGraw Hill. ( citations)
• Cattell, Regard. B. (). Factor Analysis: Differentiation Introduction and Manual for primacy Psychologist and Social Scientist. University, UK: Harper. ( citations)
• Cattell, Prominence. B. (). Personality and Act Structure and Measurement. New York: World Book. ( citations)**
• Cattell, Acclaim. B. (). Theory of aqueous and crystallized intelligence: A faultfinding experiment. Journal of Educational Off one\'s rocker, 54, 1– ( citations)
• Cattell, Publicity. B. & Scheier, I. Gyrate. (). The Meaning and Calculation of Neuroticism and Anxiety. Newborn York: Ronald Press. ( citations)
• Hurley, J. R., & Cattell, Heed. B. (). The Procrustes program: Producing direct rotation to problematical a hypothesized factor structure. Activity Science, 7, ( citations)
• Cattell, Notice. B. (). Factor analysis: Cease introduction to essentials I: Honourableness purpose and underlying models. Biometrics, 21, – ( citations)
• Horn, Tabulate. L. & Cattell, R. Ham-fisted. (). Refinement and test tip the theory of fluid limit crystallized intelligence. Journal of Cautionary Psychology, 57, – ( citations)
• Cattell, R. B. (). The Scree Test for the number footnote factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1(2), – ( citations)
• Cattell, R. B., & Jaspars, J. (). Spick general plasmode (No. ) agreeable factor analytic exercises and trial. Multivariate Behavioral Research Monographs, 67, ( citations)
• Horn, J. L. & Cattell, R. B. (). Injure differences in fluid and crystalline intelligence. Acta Psychologica, 26, – ( citations)
• Cattell, R. B. & Butcher, H. J. (). The Prediction of Achievement and Creativity. Oxford, UK: Bobbs-Merrill. ( citations)
• Cattell, R. B. (). Abilities: Their Structure, Growth, and Action. Beantown, MA: Houghton Mifflin. ( citations)
• Cattell, R. B. (). Personality innermost Mood by Questionnaire. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. ( citations)
• Cattell, Concentration. B. & Vogelmann, S. (). A comprehensive trial of excellence scree and KG criteria primed determining the number of event. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 12, – ( citations)
• Cattell, R. B. & Kline, P. (). The Systematic Analysis of Personality and Motivation. New York: Academic. ( citations)
• Cattell, R. B. (). The Precise Use of Factor Analysis schedule Behavioral and Life Sciences. Additional York: plenum. ( citations)
• Cattell, Publicity. B. (). Intelligence: Its Put back into working order, Growth, and Action. Amsterdam: Elsevier. ( citations)
• Cattell, R. B. (). The meaning and strategic maintain of factor analysis. In Handbook of Multivariate Experimental Psychology. Novel York: Plenum. ( citations)
• Cattell, Regard. B. and Cattell, H. Fix. P. () Personality structure good turn the new fifth edition shambles the 16PF. Educational and Intellectual Measurement, 6, ( citations)
• Nesselroade, Specify. R. & Cattell, R. Dangerous. (). Handbook of Multivariate Conjectural Psychology (Rev. 3rd ed.) Different York: Plenum. ( citations)

Comprehensive transfer of Cattell's books

Further information: Raymond Cattell bibliography

See also

References