Te ruki kawiti biography of williams

19th-century Māori rangatira (chief)

Te Ruki Kawiti (s – 5 May ) was a noticeable Māorirangatira (chief). He and Hōne Heke successfully fought the Nation in the Flagstaff War sieve –^[1]

He traced descent from Rāhiri and Nukutawhiti of the Ngātokimatawhaorua canoe, the ancestors of birth Ngāpuhi. He was born bask in the north of New Island into the Ngāti Hinehapū, prepare of the subtribes of influence Ngāpuhi. From his youth sharptasting was trained in leadership point of view warfare by Hongi Hika.^[2] Noteworthy was present at the Arms of Moremonui in or conj at the time that many Ngāpuhi were slaughtered spawn Ngāti Whātua, despite the supplier having a few muskets. Apparently twenty years later, in , he was at the Conflict of Te Ika-a-ranga-nui when excellence was Ngāpuhi's turn to abattage Ngāti Whātua in an capital punishment of utu, or revenge. Take action took a number of Ngāti Whātua captive and refused locate hand them over to Hongi Hika, preferring instead to reappear them to their own ancestors to whom he was related.^[3]

Treaty of Waitangi

Main article: Treaty claim Waitangi

Kawiti initially refused to notice the Treaty of Waitangi write off 6 February , believing put off it would inevitably lead disruption further European encroachment and excellence loss of Māori land. But he eventually yielded to power from his own people endure signed the treaty in Haw , right at the highest, above those chiefs who esoteric signed earlier.^[4]

However he soon grew disenchanted with British law innermost supported Hōne Heke in circlet protests against British rule.^[4] Hōne Heke sought support from Kawiti and other leaders of rectitude Ngāpuhiiwi by the conveying style ‘te ngākau’,^[5] the custom experimental by those who sought assistance to settle a tribal grievance.^[2]

Battle of Kororāreka

Main article: Battle apparent Kororāreka

Heke and Te Ruki Kawiti worked out the plan come to draw the Colonial forces go through battle, with the opening provocations focusing on the flagstaff brand Maiki Hill at the arctic end Kororāreka.^[2] When in Hoof it Heke cut down the standard pole at Kororāreka for honesty fourth time, thereby initiating glory Flagstaff War, Kawiti, now prickly his seventies, created a avoidance by attacking the town.^[6]

The Māori warriors followed their chief scold would fight in separate groups;^[7] however Kawiti and Heke correspondent their tactics at each combat. The conduct of the Staff War appears to follow clean up strategy of drawing the Superb forces into attacking a forearmed pā, from which the warriors could fight from a welldefined defensive position that was clutch from cannon fire. Kawiti was the senior rangatira and appears to have had a latchkey role in the strategic decisions as to the design rob the strengthened defences of Pene Taui's pā at Ōhaeawai most recent the design and construction call up the new pā that was built at Ruapekapeka to select the British forces.^[2]

Battle of excellence sticks

After the Battle of Kororāreka, Heke and Kawiti and picture warriors travelled inland to Holder Ōmāpere near to Kaikohe heavygoing 20 miles (32&#;km), or deuce days travel, from the Recess of Islands.^[2]Tamati Waka Nene secure a pā close to Basin Ōmāpere. Heke's pā named Puketutu, was 2 miles (&#;km) manipulate, while it is sometimes dubbed as "Te Mawhe" however primacy hill of that name evenhanded some distance to the north-east.^[8] In April , during blue blood the gentry time that the colonial support were gathering in the Shout of Islands, the warriors admire Heke and Nene fought patronize skirmishes on the small stack bank named Taumata-Karamu that was amidst the two pās and inelegant open country between Ōkaihau splendid Te Ahuahu.^[9] Heke's force categorized about men; Kawiti joined Heke towards the end of Apr with another warriors. Among Kawiti's supporters was his nephew Reweti Maika.^[10] Opposing Heke and Kawiti were about warriors that slender Tamati Waka Nene including grandeur chiefs, Makoare Te Taonui become more intense his son Aperahama Taonui, Mohi Tawhai, Arama Karaka Pi, view Nōpera Panakareao.^[11]

Attack on Heke's Pā at Puketutu

Main article: Battle illustrate Puketutu

The first major engagement warrant the Flagstaff War was magnanimity attack on Heke's Pā mass Puketutu in May by character colonial forces led by Unruly Col William Hulme.^[12] While Heke occupied the pā itself, Kawiti and his warriors arrived uncertain the battle and engaged description Colonial forces in the rub and gullies around the pā. They successfully prevented the Citizens forces from launching a bulky attack on the pā on the contrary at quite a heavy expense in casualties. The Colonial prop were unable to overcome glory defences of the pā extract retreated back to the Scream of Islands.

Battle of Portend Ahuahu

The next major engagement was the Battle of Te Ahuahu.^[12] The contemporary European accounts attention the battle describe it by the same token being fought on 12 June near Te Ahuahu and meander it involved only the warriors of Hōne Heke fighting influence warriors of Tāmati Wāka Nene. However, there are no full accounts of the action; Hugh Carleton () mentions

Heke devoted the error (against the recommendation of Pene Taui) of attack Walker [Tāmati Wāka Nene], who had advanced to Pukenui. Let fall four hundred men, he swayed about one hundred and cardinal of Walker's party, taking them also by surprise; but was beaten back with loss. Kahakaha was killed, Haratua was participate in through the lungs.^[13]

Thomas Walker was a name adopted by Tāmati Wāka Nene. In this warfare Nene's warriors carried the grant. Heke was severely wounded splendid did not rejoin the battle until some months later, benefit from the closing phase of primacy Battle of Ruapekapeka. On that account of the early engagements of the Flagstaff War, Kawiti appears to have made description better strategic decisions as dissertation which battles to fight be proof against which not to.

Battle a selection of Ōhaeawai

Main article: Battle of Ōhaeawai

A debate occurred between Kawiti leading the Ngatirangi chief Pene Taui as to the site show the next battle; Kawiti at last agreed to the request lecture to fortify Pene Taui's pā whet Ōhaeawai.^[2]

The Colonial forces arrived beforehand the Ōhaeawai Pā on 23 June and established a bivouac about metres (1,&#;ft) away. Worth the summit of a close by hill (Puketapu) they built elegant four gun battery. They release fire next day and elongated until dark but did become aware of little damage to the pole. The next day the crest were brought to within metres (&#;ft) of the pā. Rendering bombardment continued for another cardinal days but still did statement little damage. Partly this was due to the elasticity unscrew the flax covering the picket but the main fault was a failure to concentrate probity cannon fire on one room of the defences.

After a handful of days of bombardment without performance a breach, Lieutenant Colonel Despard ordered a frontal assault. Crystalclear was, with difficulty, persuaded write to postpone this pending the passenger of a pound naval battery which came the next allot, 1 July. However an unpredicted sortie from the pā resulted in the temporary occupation addendum the knoll on which Tāmati Wāka Nene had his bivouac and the capture of Nene's colours – the Union Banneret. The Union Flag was nag into the pā. There thrill was hoisted, upside down, cranium at half-mast high, below grandeur Māori flag, which was great Kākahu (Māori cloak).^[14] This foul-mouthed display of the Union Shit was the cause of righteousness disaster which ensued.^[2] Infuriated soak the insult to the Uniting Jack, Despard ordered an onset upon the pā the costume day. The attack was confined to the section of honesty pā where the angle adequate the palisade allowed a plane flank from which the defenders of the pā could conflagration at the attackers; the robbery was a reckless endeavour.^[15] Rank British persisted in their attempts to storm the unbreached plain-spoken and five to seven memorandum later 33 were dead attend to 66 injured.^[16]

Battle of Ruapekapeka

Main article: Ruapekapeka

Towards the end of greatness British launched a major outing against Kawiti's new pā pound Ruapekapeka. It took two weeks to bring the heavy crest into range of the pā, they started the cannon bombing on 27 December The besiegement continued for some two weeks with enough patrols and probes from the pā to retain everyone alert. Then, early sophisticated the morning of Sunday, 11 January , William Walker Turau, the brother of Eruera Maihi Patuone, discovered that the pā appeared to have been abandoned;^[17] although Te Ruki Kawiti have a word with a few of his warriors remained behind, and appeared be in total have been caught unaware jam the British assault.^[18] Fighting took place behind the pā extort most casualties occurred in that phase of the battle.

The reason why the defenders comed to have abandoned but escalate re-entered the pā is nobleness subject of continuing debate. Out of place was later suggested that first of the Māori had archaic at church, many of them were devout Christians.^[19] Knowing deviate their opponents, the British, were also Christians they had slogan expected an attack on splendid Sunday.^[2][20][21]

It was Māori custom dump the place of a fight where blood was spilt became tapu so that the Ngāpuhi left Ruapekapeka Pā.^[2][13] After authority battle Kawiti and his warriors, carrying their dead, travelled wearisome four miles north-west to Waiomio, the ancestral home of position Ngāti Hine.^[7] After the arms of Ruapekapeka Kawiti expressed integrity will to continue to fight,^[20] however Kawiti and Heke unchanging it known that they would end the rebellion if blue blood the gentry Colonial forces would leave goodness Ngāpuhi land.Tāmati Wāka Nene interest as the intermediary in honesty negotiations, with Nene persuading picture Governor to accept the premises of Kawiti and Heke – that they were to suit unconditionally pardoned for their rebellion.^[4]

Aftermath of the Flagstaff War

After say publicly conclusion of the Flagstaff Bloodshed Kawiti went to live at hand Henry Williams at Pakaraka, stake was baptised by Williams deal ^[22][23] He succumbed to rubeola on 5 May at Otaikumikumi, close to Waiomio which deterioration south of Kawakawa.^[24] The cessation of hostilities house and marae complex disbelieve Waiomio Caves are his monument.

Legacy of Kawiti and depiction fifth flagpole at Kororāreka

At character conclusion of the Flagstaff Clash, the Hokianga and the Bellow of Islands region was nominally under British influence; the point that the government's flag was not re-erected was symbolically development significant. Such significance was call lost on Henry Williams, who, writing to E. G. Swamp on 28 May , hypothetical that "the flag-staff in nobleness Bay is still prostrate, sit the natives here rule. These are humiliating facts to blue blood the gentry proud Englishman, many of whom thought they could govern invitation a mere name."^[25][26]

Some argue deviate the Flagstaff War can produce considered an inconclusive stalemate, thanks to both sides wished the armed conflict to end, both gained to some extent or degre from the fighting, and rank situation more or less remained the same as it was before the outbreak of hostilities.^[27] The opinion of Henry Clergyman, who had counseled Kawiti purify abandon the rebellion, was saunter the Ngāpuhi and the citizens government both agreed that all should let the other elude, so that Kawiti achieved calm on his terms. Henry Clergyman wrote to his son-in-law Hugh Carleton on 13 March rip open response to an earlier note by Carleton as to illustriousness consequences of Kawiti having energetic peace with GovernorGrey:

But tell what to do say, "Grey will go prevail Kawiti's submission as a authentication of victory." I ask set your mind at rest in what form was Kawiti's submission? and to what dominant when did it take place? This is new to precipitate, as also to Kawiti. Approximate Kawiti's letter to Governor FitzRoy with the proclamation of White, immediately on Grey's return cause somebody to Auckland, after Te Ruapekapeka was upset, or before peace was made, that all parties were to return to their confiscate places, keeping in mind lose one\'s train of thought the bone of contention was the flag-staff. Nothing was obligatory from the chiefs in arms; nothing was given; but Kawiti demanded in his letter ditch if peace were made, flat should be made with trustworthiness to the land. This was acceded to by Grey, abide the flag-staff has remained prone at a low ebb to this day, though indefinite attempts have been made be introduced to re-erect it. Captain Stanley was applied to replace it; prohibited consented to do so like a flash, but asked,--who would take distress signal of it. Major Bridge explicit it would take a calculate men to keep it bonding agent its place. Why? the community had gained their point, paramount to this day laugh examination the idea of submission. Not worried was made with the citizenry on the understanding that compete should let the other on one`s own, and the demands of Kawiti having been complied with tough Grey, where is the substantiate of Kawiti's submission? Rather, does not the evidence shew Grey's submission to Kawiti? The fighting was a perfect farce, both in the North and get the message the South.^[28][29]

Upon the death substantiation Kawiti, his son Maihi Paraone Kawiti, who had been dinky missionary teacher at Mangakahia, succeeded Kawiti as leader of class Ngāti Hine hapū.^[29] Maihi Paraone Kawiti was a supporter medium te ture (the law) take te whakapono (the gospel).^[29] Deputations came to Maihi Paraone Kawiti from the Taranaki and Waikato iwi asking the Ngāpuhi find time for join the Māori King Movement; the reply from Maihi Paraone Kawiti was that the Ngāpuhi had no desire for clever ‘Māori Kingi’ as ‘Kuini Wikitoria’ was their ‘Kingi'.^[28][29]

Maihi Paraone Kawiti, as a signal to Control Thomas Gore Browne that type did not follow his father's path, arranged for the 5th flagpole to be erected have emotional impact Kororāreka; this occurred in Jan with the flag being dubbed Whakakotahitanga, "being at one collide with the Queen."^[28] As a newfound symbolic act, the Ngāpuhi warriors involved in preparing and building the flagpole were selected stick up the ‘rebel’ forces of Kawiti and Heke – that high opinion, Ngāpuhi from the hapū training Tāmati Wāka Nene (who confidential fought as allies of probity British forces during the Stick War), observed, but did crowd together participate in the erection find time for the fifth flagpole. The renaissance of the flagpole was throb by Maihi Paraone Kawiti primate a voluntary act on magnanimity part of the Ngāpuhi zigzag had cut it down entail , and they would distant allow any other to relinquish any assistance in this work.^[28]

The legacy of Kawiti's rebellion fabric the Flagstaff War was turn during the time of GovernorGrey and Governor Thomas Gore Illustrator, the colonial administrators were grateful to take account of opinions of the Ngāpuhi before task force actions in the Hokianga nearby Bay of Islands. The constant symbolism of the fifth flagstaff at Kororāreka is that manifestation exists because of the liking of the Ngāpuhi.

References

Bibliography

• Kawiti, Tawai (October ). Hekes Conflict in the North. No. 16 Ao Hou, Te / Nobleness New World, National Library suggest New Zealand Library. pp.&#;38–